Understanding consumer behaviour attitudes towards advertising

Understanding consumer behaviour attitudes towards advertising Total 2010 UK advertising expenditure amounted to 14.5 billion. Of this, more than 80 per cent was spent on display advertising in the press, broadcast, print and outdoor media. (Source: The Advertising Association) Under the current circumstances, advertising represents one of the major sectors in the economy with millions of workers worldwide. The efficiency of functioning of the economy in general, to a considerable degree, depends on that sector. Advertising accompanies competition between companies and is an essential attribute of the market economy. 1.2 Background Companies need to understand consumer behaviour in order to find the best way on how to shift demand of products in their favour. When companies are able to discover the reasons why consumers make particular purchasing decisions, they can adapt their marketing efforts to better suit the needs of the consumers. Understanding consumer behaviour may result in increased sale and improved profit performance of the organization. Classical microeconomic theories of consumer behaviour have focused on the principles of rational consumer behaviour, which suggests that consumers choice is primarily a matter of personal preferences, whereas utility theory of consumer behaviour maintains that consumer choices reflect their attempt to secure maximum usefulness from their financial resources. Citation! While classical theories still apply in contemporary western societies, the role of mass media, internet and various aspect of modern culture may have fundamentally changed many elements in the understanding of consumer behaviour. Also marketing opportunities available in the digital information age have altered the way how consumer choice is being shaped and used for profit. Advertising is perhaps the first thing that people think about when considering marketing. Companies must do more than make good products they must inform consumers about product benefits and carefully position products in consumers minds. To do this, they must skilfully use the mass-promotion tools of advertising. Advertising strategy consists of two major elements: creating advertising messages and selecting advertising media. Media planners consider many factors when making their media choices. The media habits of target consumers will affect media choice advertisers look for media that reach target consumers effectively. Target audiences are set to focus on different groups: adults, teens, pre-schoolers and other groups. It is essential to become familiar the target market, their habits, behaviours and attitude to advertising in general. It is known that student youth is less conservative in their views and decisions, comparing to others age and social groups. 1.3 Research Aims and Rationale Based on the above information, the main aim of the research is to investigate the extent to which the purchasing decisions of students in the UK are influenced by the advertisement campaigns. During the preparation of the current research paper a questionnaire was carried out among Queen Marys students, which aimed to study their attitude to advertising. Survey sample covered opinions of 20 young people between the ages of 21-24, that is students in their last years of studies. The choice of the audience was not random. The survey had a probing character and could not represent the aggregate of the student youth population or even more general adult audience with statistical precision. However it offers a clear representation of dominating tendencies in preferences and opinions of the chosen audience, which is the main aim of mass advertising. 1.4 Outline of the Project Chapter 2: Literature review Advertising is an important means by which economic enterprises communicate with both their current and potential customers. It is often said that to be effective an advertisement must be read, understood, believed, remembered and acted upon (Adcock, Halborg, Ross, 2001) There are five principal ways in which a company can communicate with its markets: Media advertising (commercial television and radio, the press, posters, cinema and direct mail/internet) Public relations activities Selling Merchandising Packaging (Chisnal, 2001) These promotional activities are at the heart of effective marketing strategies. According to Adcock, Halborg, Ross, (2001) advertising strategy consists of two major elements: creating advertising messages and selecting advertising media. The major steps in media selection are: deciding on reach, frequency and impact; choosing among major media types; selecting specific media vehicles; and deciding on media timing. The current research paper is concerned with determining an appropriate media type (medium) which better suits habits and preferences of the observed population. Media planners consider many factors when making their media choices. The media habits of target consumers will affect media choice advertisers look for media that reach target consumers effectively (Kotler, Armstrong, 1997). For example fashions are best advertised in colour magazines and daily newspapers are a first consideration in advertising real estate. Different types of messages may require different media. Cost is another major factor in media choice. Whereas television is very expensive, for example, newspaper advertising costs much less. Setting the advertising budget is a complex task. Some critics charge that large consumer packaged-goods firms tend to spend too much on advertising, and industrial companies generally underspend on advertising. They claim that the large consumer companies use lots of image advertising without really knowing its effects. They overspend as a form of insurance against not spending enough. (Kotler, Armstrong, 1997) For a long time, television and magazines have dominated in the media mixes of advertisers with other media being neglected (Jobber, 1995). Recently, however, costs of these media have gone up and audiences have dropped. Advertisers are now increasingly turning to alternative media, such as outdoor advertising or internet. The question that concerns companies remains the same: how much advertising spending really has on consumer buying and branding royalty? In order to answer it media impact must be re-examined regularly. As summarized in the table the major media types are newspapers, television, radio, magazines, and outdoor. It is important to list advantages and limitations of mediums, as they will prove to be guidelines in the interpretation of the observed results. Medium Advantages Limitations Newspapers Flexibility; timeliness; good local market coverage; high believability Short life; small pass-long audience Television Good mass market coverage; combines sight, sound, and motion; appealing to the senses High absolute costs; high clutter; fleeting exposure; Less audience selectivity Radio Good local; acceptance, high geographic and demographic selectivity; low cost Audio only, fleeting exposure; low attention; fragmented audiences Magazines High geographic and demographic selectivity; credibility and prestige; long life and good pass-along readership Long ad purchase lead time; high cost; no guarantee of position Outdoor Flexibility; High repeat exposure; low cost; low message competition; good positional selectivity Little audience selectivity; creative limitations Chapter 3: Research Method and Procedure 3.1 Introduction This chapter reviews the research methods which were used in this project. It is necessary for a researcher to choose a suitable method for the problem. To get a full picture a blend of qualitative and quantative research analysis is recommended. This research will take the following procedure: define the research objectives, develop research approach, analyse results and make a conclusion. 3.2 Research Objectives. This research takes into consideration three main objectives. Firstly, to determine respondents attitudes to advertising in general. Secondly, to identify students preferences among different types of media. The final objective of a survey is concerned with evaluating the influence of advertisement campaigns on the purchasing decisions of students in the UK. 3.3 Research Approach and Instruments. There are several methods of collecting data for research. In the current paper the primary data was collected for the first time using questionnaires. This method has proved to be efficient way in getting both quantative and qualitative data. The questionnaire (Appendix 1) incorporated both main types of questions which are commonly used in surveys: open-ended questions and closed questions. Open questions are interesting because of the spontaneity and individual flavour of the replies, but frequently it is difficult to compress free answers into limited number of codings. Findings in closed questions provided the research with statistical evidence, whereas open questions gave to the research depth and range of information. Interviewer was recording all answers verbatim because there is always a danger of interviewer bias through inaccurate recording. 3.4 Reasons for specific questions In giving an answer to the question 1: What is your attitude to advertising in general? respondents had a considerable freedom in phrasing an answer, which may be lengthy and detailed, and in his or her own words. In the question 3 respondents were able to choose from a range of possible answers. The simple follow up question invited to give a more detailed explanation on the subject. Questions 4 to 6 were closed type questions, which call strictly limited responses. The respondents were offered a choice of alternative replies from which he or she was expected to select an answer corresponding to his or her personal views on a particular subject. The research used simple alternative questions: YES/NO. 3.5 Summary The results of this process will appear in the next chapter. Chapter 4: Results 4.1 Introduction The project sought to examine media popularity among students and find out to what extent advertising influences their purchasing decisions. To achieve the research projects aim and rationale, a questionnaire was utilized as stated in the previous chapter. The following section will present and analyse results of this survey. 4.2 Findings. Part 1 As shown in Diagram 1, the vast majority of respondents prefer television, whereas magazines took the second place. The results indicate that the Internet is the third popular media, while newspaper and outdoor advertising share the fourth place. Percentages indicate the proportion of votes students gave to a specific media out of total votes. For instance out of total 37 only 1 vote was given to advertising on the radio. Popularity of television was not a surprise as it combines sight, sound and motion. It was described by respondents as the most effective and the best medium for advertising. It advantage lies in broad mass market coverage. Magazines appeal to students for its credibility and prestige; long life and good pass-along readership. Students explained that it is good for fashion, and pictures of movie stars make it attracting. Outdoor media was described the most creative and eye catching. It is interesting to note that on the contrary (Author) mentioned little creativity as a negative side of this type of media. Newspapers appeal for its timeliness and high believability. It is popular among those respondents who spend a lot of time travelling. Internet advertising is relatively new media type however number of its admirers grows. It can be explained with growing popularity of online shopping. Another advantage is that it has no time limitation and can be viewed day and night. However spam is often mentioned as its negative point. Radio came last, probably due to its disadvantages: audio only, fleeting exposure and low attention. Not the least of the factors was that most of the students live in halls of residence, which lack radio equipment. 4.2 Finding. Part 2 Bar Chart 1 shows responses to questions. The bar chart clearly shows students opinions on specific subjects. Majority of students have positive attitude to advertising and commonly cite its informative function, in other words in creates awareness. Some students see the artistic value in some commercials. Advertising creates awareness, so no wonder that majority prefers advertised product over unadvertised. However there is a strong opinion that quality products do not need advertising. There have been quite a few commercials that state that product of their company is better than competitors product. The results show that vast majority do not believe those commercials. It might be a good idea for companies not to employ such advertising strategies. Just more than a half of respondent believe that commercials help them to make a better purchase. Consumers are better off when exposed to some information about the product before buying it. However 45% prefer to do their own research about the product. Answers to the question 7 clearly show the power of advertising. 85% of students wanted to try something just because they saw its commercial. Most respondents were curious and wanted try it to see whether it was as good as commercial said it to be. It is important to note that 70% respondents sing songs from commercials. This may prove as an indicator for companies adding a catchy tune to a commercial can increase sales. Chapter 5: Conclusion 5.1 Introduction This chapter will summarize findings of this research project, highlight some of the interesting findings, offer practical implications, cite limitations of this project and give suggestions for further research. Summary of Findings and Interesting Findings The purpose of the current study was to identify an advertising media with a largest exposure and find out the effect it has on its target audience. Results were analysed in the previous chapter. Practical implications of this research were also considered. Identifying and understanding target audience is important. The evidence from this study suggests that the television as an advertising medium appealed to the majority of respondents. Magazines and the Internet took the second and the third place respectively. It may help companies to better allocate their advertising space. Students have positive attitude towards advertising in general because it carries an informative function and creates awareness. The results indicate that majority of students prefer advertised products over unadvertised products and believe that commercials help them to make a better purchase. Vast majority wanted to try something just because they saw it in a commercial. Some interesting results were found. An advertising strategy when a company positions their products superior to competitors products proved ineffective as only few students trusted such commercials. Another implication possibility from this study is that commercials with songs appeal to consumers. Companies may consider using this strategy to their advantage. Limitations of the Research The current study was limited for the size of the sample and imbalance concerning the students country of origin. Because all of the respondents who responded within this project were international students, the findings do not necessarily reflect the habits and opinions of all students. This is important since an advertising usually targets the values of the western societies and different cultures may have different attitudes towards advertising. Therefore, it would be important to conduct further research in this area of media influence and involve more respondents from western-culture countries. Recommendations for further studies This research has raised many questions in need of investigation. The designed questions were not perfect so some other aspects may be needed to investigate what contributes to making a purchase decision. Some factors examined in this research influence consumers but not necessarily mean that they will make an actual purchase. For example, further research may investigate what advertising strategies such as verbal or visual elements appeal to consumers. Endnote This project has been concerned with advertisings influence on students purchasing decisions and the research indicates that choosing the correct advertising strategy is a crucial element in an effective marketing strategy.

A Look at Russell Baker’s “Work in Corporate America”

Russell Baker shows his apparent disdain for the modern American workplace in his short essay â€Å"Work in Corporate America†. Obviously, the man is unhappy with how the U.S. economy has progressed. He pines for the days when a child could put his father’s profession into concrete, understandable terms.And, for some reason—which he does not enumerate—he is convinced that jobs which consist of utilizing cerebral skills one developed in college are â€Å"junk†. Baker disparages those who do â€Å"market research† or work in â€Å"public relations†, yet he never gives the reason why he despises these fields.The paper turns into nothing more than a litany against those who perform these cerebral based jobs.   Ã‚   It seems that he would prefer to see the American workforce slaving over a hot furnace making horseshoes or in textile factories making jeans rather than in business suits reclining in air-conditioned offices. In fact, the iro ny of this piece is that Baker is disgusted by a society where paper is the primary means of tangible work, but he, himself, is a writer, making a living in the same exact way that he mocks others for making a living.If his own child asked him what he did for a living, Baker could show him nothing more than his own piece of paper with words and corrections on it.Now, Baker’s point that America has moved away from specific hard and fast job descriptions and towards more ambiguous trades is 100 percent accurate. The fact that for an adult, and certainly a child, to imagine selling space or doing market is difficult to wrap your head around is definitely valid.Baker also performs an excellent job portraying the communications between those who work in corporate America. He shows that human interaction on the telephone—the so-called â€Å"meeting of the minds†Ã¢â‚¬â€is what drives the modern economy.Looking at Baker’s perspective and our current corporate ec onomy, the author’s work accurately portrays that system, as well. Those, who have trained their minds and developed a skill, use of numbers and the written word to perform their work. But, Baker fails to mention in this essay is that there are still laymen. But, they are fewer, and no one wishes to do backbreaking work when they can, instead, sit in an air-conditioned office and earn twice as much. Now, I would call that progress.

African American Literatury Essay

African-American literature can be defined as writings by people of African descent living in the United States of America. The African-American literary tradition began with the oral culture long before any of the materials in it were written on. Throughout their American history, African-Americans have used the oral culture as a natural part of black expressive culture. They are very powerful voices that give fuller meanings to words on a page. The America South is an important landscape in African-American literature. The South was a primary port of entry for slaving vessels. Most black slaves remained in the Southern states. The South was an important place for the African-American literature because the South was served as the site of hope and change for the black slaves but there were also horrors. The majority of African captives entered the New World from the Southern ports and remained in the Southern states. They relied heavily on the African cultural heritage and belief systems familiar to them. During their 300 years of slavery and servitude, black slaves and their descendants developed a complex relationship with the South. Amiri Baraka concluded that the South is a part of the scene of the crime, a land that is about the site of hope and the scene of the crime. For many African Americans, the South serves as the site of hope and change. The South has given birth to many African-American cultural practices, such as literature. This is the spiritual and ancestral home for African Americans and plays a dominant role in African-American literature. Before the American Civil War, African-American literature primarily focused on the issue of slavery, as indicated by the subgenre of slave narratives The most noted authors were all incited and inspired by the goings on in the south. Frederick Douglass was one of the most important African-American authors from the literary landscape in the South. He chronicled his life from bondage to freedom in his Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Written by Himself (1845), which helped the American public to know the truth about the institution of slavery and dismiss the myth that slaves were happy and treated well. He said, the South was not only a notorious site of slavery, it was also a landscape of racial terror and widespread violence. The biggest crime the South ever committed is the institution and perpetuation of slavery. But the Southern landscape is more than just the â€Å"scene of the crime† in African-American literature. It has multiple personalities that demand multiple treatments. Many 20th-century African-American writers, whether born and raised in the South or not, have used the southern landscape in their works to explore the complex relationships African-American communities have with the South. In her poem â€Å"Southern Song,† Margaret Walker (1915 – 1998) sings a praise song to the southern suns and southern land despite the â€Å"mobs† and â€Å"a nightmare full of oil and flame. † Southern Song I want my body bathed again by southern suns, my soul reclaimed again from southern land. I want to rest again in southern fields, in grass and hay and clover bloom; to lay my hand again upon the clay baked by a southern sun, to touch the rain-soaked earth and smell the smell of soil. I want my rest unbroken in the fields of southern earth; freedom to watch the corn wave silver in the sun and mark the splashing of a brook, a pond with ducks and frogs and count the clouds. I want no mobs to wrench me from my southern rest; no forms to take me in the night and burn my shack and make for me a nightmare full of oil and flame. I want my careless song to strike no minor key; no fiend to stand between my body’s soutnern song–the fusion of the South, my body’s song and me. Margaret Walker’s poem characterizes the complex literary representations of the South in a great deal of African-American literature, for the speaker at once basks in the beauty of her homeland (â€Å"I want my body bathed again by southern suns†). Yet at the same time experiences a homecoming complicated by the threat of Southern violence (â€Å"I want no mobs to wrench me from my southern rest†). The theme of the southern home and its layered history is a prevalent one throughout the tradition of African-American literature. In conclusion, 90 percent of African-Americans lived in the South, it is no wonder that this landscape has taken on a great deal of cultural and historical significance. Literature from the South is complex and often absurd, as the region emerges repeatedly as a site of home.

Walt Whitman And Langston Hughes Analysis - 796 Words

Walt Whitman and Langston Hughes. Two highly renowed poets. One of Whitmans most known poems, I Hear America Singing, is about living the American life; he explains multiple types of people in his piece of work and how they are all a part of America. Similar to this, Langston Hughes wrote the poem I, Too, Sing America, and in this, he includes African Americans, suggesting that Whitman left some people out. Also saying, that blacks are proud and just as big of a part of America as anyone else. Along with this, both are similar in the sense that they are about people in America. Aside from this, there are three other ways in which the poems I, Too, Sing America, and I Hear America Singing, are similar. Becasue of this, the poems†¦show more content†¦These lines show the happiness and optimism that is portrayed throughout the poem, by painting a picture of all kinds of people singing and being proud. In Hughes, I, Too, Sing America, the optimistic tone is also shown when the protagonist in the poem declares, They send me to eat in the kitchen/When company comes,/But I laugh,/And eat well,/And grow strong. (3-7). Although they are of color and are treated awfully, they are optimistic and look at the bright side, like how they at least have food, and laugh and are able to grow. Both poems definitely express an optimistic tone. One of the most noticable similarities between the two pieces of poetry, I Hear America Singing, and I, Too, Sing America, is the theme of unity. Both poems express what America is, and that is the people in America. Whitmans poem however, doesnt include blacks in his poem, but all other kinds of people. Hughes, poem makes it so that he is included. For example, Whitmans poem celebrates, The carpenter singing his as he measures his plank or beam, The mason singing his as he makes ready for work, or leaves off/work, /The boatman singing.... (3-5)This is only a few of the many types of people that Whitman explains are all American, but most importantly, America. The poem unites all people of different backgrounds and jobs and says that they are all the same in the sense that they are American. In similarity, Hughes poem says, Tomorrow,/IllShow MoreRelatedLiterary Analysis Of Langston Hughes961 Words   |  4 PagesComing Quick (A Literary Analysis of Langston Hughes’ Poems) The nineteenth and twentieth centuries were impressive times for the growing of several different cultures. One of the main cultures that grew through those time periods was that of the black community. Those with darker skin color were pushed to their limits and they were still able to persevere. One writer in particular truly made a influence not only on his culture but on the rest of America, too. 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The Latino Political Experience The Electoral Based And...

Question 3 The Latino political experience, much like the experience of other minority groups, has been about fighting for inclusion. In order to be included into mainstream society Latinos had to use different methods to get their grievances heard. In a system that was not designed to benefit minorities, Latinos had to put aside their differences and come together in order to address to economic, political, and social marginalization they faced. Due to restructuring and globalization large segments of the Latino population were excluded from effective economic and political access and participation. As their numbers increased Latinos began to utilize different methods to address the changes in their communities. They used two main methods which reflected two conceptions of empowerment, the electoral based and the household model. The electoral based model is a form of empowerment that focuses on mainstream electoral politics. It is based on the assumption that the traditional electoral system is capable of addressing latino issues and having a policy agenda reflects the interests of latinos. This model use the political system and the use of institutional power to gain inclusion and recognition in the politics. It is focused on getting greater number of Latinos in office in order to have representatives who are actually Latino. The goal however, is to gain inclusion into the existing system instead of reforming it because it fails to give all people equal access. TheShow MoreRelatedInstitution as the Fundamental Cause of Long Tern Growth39832 Words   |  160 Pageschoices, ultimately resolved in favor of groups with greater political power. The distribution of political power in society is in turn determined by political institutions and the distribution of resources. Political institutions allocate de jure political power, while groups with greater economic might typically possess greater de facto political power. We therefore view the appropriate theoretical framework as a dynamic one with political institutions and the distribution of resources as the stateRead MoreRacism and Ethnic Discrimination44667 Words   |  179 PagesPacific, Central and North 4.2.2 English colonization in the Caribbean Coast region 4.2.3 The Liberal policy in the Caribbean Coast: internal colonization 4.2.4 Afro-descendent communities in Nicaragua 4.2.5 Colonization through development models on Indigenous land 4.2.6 The autonomy process in the Caribbean Coast 4.2.6.1 Development of a normative juridical framework 4.2.6.2 Advances in the establishment of public policies and structural transformations of the State 4.2.6.3 ConstructionRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesDavid M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer History Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American Urban Landscape Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past Sharon Hartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform Michael Adas, ed., Agricultural and Pastoral Societies

A Short Note On Endocrine Disruptor Bisphenol A

Endocrine Disruptor: Bisphenol A Introduction: What is BPA? Endocrine disruptors have the ability to enhance or suppress the functions of hormones by mimicking their shape and binding to the appropriate receptor. They also have the capability to change the structure and activity of the endocrine system, potentially causing various adverse effects to the body. One of the most prevalent and dangerous endocrine disruptors is Bisphenol A, or BPA. Bisphenol A is an organic compound with a structure and function similar to that of the hormone estrogen (Kundakovic and Champagne, 2011). Where can BPA be found? Annually, approximately 2 billion pounds of BPA is manufactured in the United States, making it ubiquitous in our everyday lives. BPA is a major component of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. Polycarbonate is most prevalent in materials used for packaging food and drink, such as â€Å"microwave-safe† tupperware and baby bottles. Resins are used in materials for the protective lining of metal water pipes and food and drink containers, such as cans used for fruit and vegetables. BPA can also be found in dental supplies, medical supplies, and children’s toys. When these everyday items are washed, sterilized, or heated, BPA leaches out of the material and into the food to be consumed. Even small amounts of exposure to BPA have been proven to cause adverse effects in humans and animals (Erler and Novak 2010). What is the mechanism of BPA? BPA can act as an estrogen receptorShow MoreRelatedSip (Cogongrass as Main Component of Biodegradable Plastic)2748 Words   |  11 Pagesbeen described as one of the most hazardous consumer products ever created. Leaches di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) or butyl benzyl phthalate (BBzP), depending on which is used as the plasticizer or softener (usually DEHP). DEHP and BBzP are endocrine disruptors mimicking the female hormone estrogen; have been strongly linked to asthma and allergic symptoms in children; may cause certain types of cancer; linked to negative effects on the liver, kidney, spleen, bone formation and body weight. In Europe

Business Psychology Satisfaction and Job Motivation

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Psychologyfor Satisfaction and Job Motivation. Answer: Introduction The significance of employees satisfaction and jobmotivation isincreasing constantlyin the business world (Jaeger and Cmara, 2015). This study focuses on the job which I did as an intern and how I was motivatedinit, leading to my job satisfaction. I worked for some time in a supermarket and therefore my level of satisfaction has been discussed in this essay.The key objective of this essay is the study about leadership and motivation and how these haveimpacton workers satisfaction. This study explains what kinds of aspects haveimpacton staff members satisfaction and which might leadto dissatisfactionatwork place. Different theories of motivation have been discussed. Theory X and theory Ywith Maslows Theory of Motivation This to worry was classified by Douglas McGregor in terms of motivation and leadership. Asper theoryXmost of the individuals do not like to work and usually try avoiding it (James, n.d.). Therefore individuals need directions, control and even threatening to carry out the works so that business goals can be attained.Howeveras for my past experience to the Y help me in applicable only because this theory has its base in vast knowledge of humanbehaviour. Why this to date was assumed that the mental and bodily effortsinthe job are common just like I was playing a resting. It is also the way that any threat or external controlling measures are not just the way is to ensure thatindividuals workand attain the business schools. When I am committed to words my job then I myselfcarryoutself-control. The commitment is also reliance on the kind of rewards that are provided to the workers. The key to satisfaction is that the needs which satisfy the requirements of people andalso leadto personal development. As for theorywhy,I was able to not only accept rather look for more responsibilities. Being a person belonging to Theory Y,I had been motivated on the basis ofMaslowshierarchy of needs theory. My leader had an idea that Iexpected securityneeds and therefore kind of atmosphere was the right age where I felt secure and protected. There were different benefits like savings, insurance benefits,perks andthe assurance that this job can be continued further when I perform well. This way I was motivated to work to wordsfulfilmentof life security needs. The base of this theory is that whenever I kind of needit issatisfied then we can move onto the next level of need. Maslow also stated that it is not necessary that the one need is fulfilled fully prior to the individual moving onto the subsequent level of need. There can be part satisfaction at one level and still the person can look for satisfaction at the next level. Image: Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Source: (Supplemental Material for the Motivational Consequences of Life Satisfaction, 2017) Herzberg Motivation theory This theory is termed as the two-factor theory and is similar to theMaslowshierarchy of needs 30. As for this theory that job satisfaction is settled by things which are opposite to the stuff which leads to job the satisfaction. Therefore, I could see that lots of things which made me feel positive are the factors that make me satisfied and the things which gave a negative feeling were ones which made me to be dissatisfied. I was happy working at the supermarket because I liked my work and sometimes I got unhappy because of the treatment that was given by other people. However my employers at a positive attitude which made me satisfied. As per Herzberg motivation theory, the dissatisfaction was also short term and satisfaction was also short-term due to hygiene factors (Scheuer, 2000). However the factors which lead to long-term satisfaction or dissatisfaction were termed to be motivators and de-motivators. The motivation at work challenged me to develop my skills and capabilities. F or example there were additional responsibilities in my job and I was being provided with learning opportunities so that I did good work at the next level of job and I could deliver superior performance in all kinds of jobs I did. The motivations were in the form of my learning opportunities, additional responsibilities, recognitions, awards and development. The dissatisfaction was avoided because hygiene factors were maintained in this job. As per this theory, the hygiene factors or dissatisfying factors were ones which I always expected to be in great condition. Motivators were ones which lead to job satisfaction however hygiene factors that ones which did not lead to job satisfaction however in case they were not present then the job dissatisfaction was expected (Ruiz-Palomino, Sez-Martnez and Martnez-Caas, 2012). There were various exercises like flexibility in working hours, similar dress code for everybody, my work schedules and many other things which were carried on in an ef ficient manner. The efficient handling of these factors leads to removal of any dissatisfaction. Expectancy Theory of Motivation This theory was initially created by Vroom and it denotesthe possibilitythat any activity or any task will resultin toan outcome (Schunk, 2000). As per this theory whenever a person makes a choice among different alternators which have uncertain results, it appears to be clear that this kind ofattitude isimpacted by his choice along withother fasterlike the expectancy of these outcomes to be true (Pride, 2017). This expectancy is the belief for that moment regarding the possibility that a specific activity willcausea specific result. There was motivation in this case because I could very clearly perceive and see the outcome. There was a valuable relation among the activity and out from, and this outcome was of serve as a way of satisfaction of the needs. This way there are two factors which data mine how I performed my job. The first one was the value of rewards andout comesto me and the level of satisfaction that I achieved from this reward. After myintentionif I expected that I would be given a certificate of experience, and I would get hands on training with experience in the real world. This outcome was expected by me. The second factor is the possibility that these rewards depended on myefforts andperformance. Therefore the higher the value of these awards and rewards the better it wasprobabilitythat I put in more efforts in my job. I knew if I would do a better job at this kind of internship then the possibility for that I would get a better experience and myCertificate would also show allthe goodwork I did (Petri and Govern, 2013). Apart fromthese popular theoriesof motivating, there is a concept that the workers feel motivated to dobetterjob when they getofferingof anything they desire or which they feel would be satisfying. Yet, offering the staff members with anything that would be satisfying is important however it's not everything. The managers must keep in mind that the workers are not motivated to do a better job if the focuses only onofferingthereforethe focus also have to be onbelieving. The employs trust that they will attain what the desired includes three different beliefs. The initialbelieveis that they can do a good job to attain what is offered to them. The other one is that they will attain it in case they do a great job. The third belief isthat whateverhas been offered to them would be leading to satisfaction. All of these three beliefs are regarding the thoughts of workers in terms of what will be the outcome when they put in their efforts (Maguire, 2000). So the expectancytheory ofmotivation is the completion of conditions which are that employs need to be motivated to carry out their ties only if the thing that their efforts can cause performance, performance can bring outcome and these outcomes can bring contentment or satisfaction. Application of the Motivation Theories Motivating workforce is turning out to be increasingly significant continually. Having motivated workforce has an impact on the performance of the business. So the Human Resource Management is exceedingly focussing on this subject (Steers and Porter, 1991). Motivation theories and kinds of incentives use up the time and money however in a long run they have an impact on the earnings of the business (Kwon and Sohn, 2017). At the time of applying the motivation theories in reality managers must focus on three major parts of accountability to synchronize and incorporate human resource strategy. These three regions are: Defining the performance, Facilitating the performance and Encouraging performance. Above all, the management needs to concur with the Performance explanation. In this way the management concentrates on the depiction of what is anticipated from workers. The management must set objectives for the execution of the organization. Devoid of any objectives, it is difficult to identify where the organization is going and why (Kwon and Sohn, 2017). The imperative role of the objectives is to inform if the organization is improving or not. Objectives enhance responsibility and elucidate the bearing of staff attempt. For instance the corporate objectives incorporate revenues, clients, and areas of intrigue, development, administration and nationality. These give the fundamental system to the organization, and when everybody knows about these objectives, it is simpler for the workers and particularly management to work exclusively and be inventive (Strauss, 2011). To just lay down the objectives is insufficient. Management group should have the capacity to gauge the achievemen t of the shared objectives (Nuttin, 2014). Objectives must be in the shape that each manager and worker is aware if the objective is attained or not. Too broad objectives are not valuable (Luhmann and Hennecke, 2017). For instance "Lessening working expenses" is excessively dubious objective. Rather "Working expenses have to be diminished from 2% to 1.6% in the subsequent one year" is correct and quantifiable objective for everybody to get it. Conclusion There are explicit links among how motivated one us at the place of work and the level of job satisfaction. The business owners and managers must focus at increasing the job satisfaction so worker motivation will enhance too, leading to superior job performance and improved competence (Toman, 2013). It has to be seen that the Employee commitment is improved when a worker is motivated and contented at the place of work. The connection among motivation and satisfaction is, thus, shown by the dedication that an employee demonstrates to his business. Consequently, motivation in addition job satisfaction would lead to commitment. The three theories have been shown to demonstrate how I was satisfied at my past internship. References Jaeger, M. and Cmara, S. (2015). Media and Life Dissatisfaction as Predictors of Body Dissatisfaction. Paidia (Ribeiro Preto), 25(61), pp.183-190. James, B. (n.d.). Motivation Theory. SSRN Electronic Journal. Kwon, I. and Sohn, K. (2017). Job dissatisfaction of the self-employed in Indonesia. Small Business Economics. Luhmann, M. and Hennecke, M. (2017). 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